作用
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用于限制性从句或非限制性从句
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只用于限制性从句
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代替人
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代替物
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代替人或物
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主语
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who
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which
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that
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宾语
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whom
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which
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that
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定语
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whose(=of whom)
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whose(=of which)
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1. who指人,在定语从句中做主语。
例:The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
2. whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。
例:Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
注意:
如果在从句中做宾语,who和whom可替换。
例: He is the man whom/who I talk to.
如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.
例:He is the man who has an English book.
关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。
3. which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
例:Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(主语)
例:This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.(宾语)
4. that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
例:The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises to one million.(主语)
例:Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?(宾语)
5. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。
He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(指人)
I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.(指物)
whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况
1.当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much,each等修饰时。
例:Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said?
There is little that I can do for you.
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰时。
例:The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 当先行词被形容词更高级修饰时。
例:This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 当形容词被the very, the only,the same, the last 修饰时。
例:This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,
注:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who。
例:Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting?
5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。
例:Who is the man that is standing there?
例:Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6. 当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时。
例:Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
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